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List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
The Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire ((トルコ語:Vezir-i Azam) or ''Sadr-ı Azam'' (''Sadrazam''); Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم) was the ''de facto'' prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissible only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could convene all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "''kubbe'' viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the ''Kubbealtı'' ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
During the nascent phases of the Ottoman state, "Vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman Viziers who was titled "Grand Vizier" was Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (also known as Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder). The purpose in instituting the title "Grand Vizier" was to distinguish the holder of the Sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more frequently used title of ''vezir-i âzam'' was gradually replaced by ''sadrazam'', both meaning grand vizier in practice. Throughout Ottoman history, the grand viziers have also been termed ''sadr-ı âlî'' ('high vizier'), ''vekil-i mutlak'' ('absolute attorney'), ''sâhib-i devlet'' ('holder of the state'), ''serdar-ı ekrem'' ('gracious general'), ''serdar-ı azam'' ('grand general') and ''zât-ı âsafî'' ('vizieral person') and ''başnazır'', literally "prime minister" in Ottoman Turkish.
In the late periods of the Ottoman Empire, especially during and after the 19th century, the Grand Vizier began to hold a position almost identical to that of a Prime Minister in other European states. Reforms seen during and after the Tanzimat (1838), the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878), and the Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920) further brought the office of the Grand Vizier in line with the European standard, making the incumbent the head of a Cabinet of other ministers. During the two constitutional eras, the Grand Vizier also served as the speaker of the Senate, the upper house of the bicameral Ottoman Parliament.
==List of Grand Viziers==
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